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1994-05-02
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<text>
<title>
Whoever Hath Shall Be Given More
</title>
<article>
<hdr>
Human Development Report 1992
Whoever Hath Shall Be Given More
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Capital gravitates towards industrial countries, where
profit rates are higher. For US foreign investment, the return
on investment during 1985-89 was 14.1% a year in developing
countries but 16.9% in industrial countries.
</p>
<p> This is why developing countries attract such a small
proportion of international investment--whether direct
investment by transnational companies or portfolio investment by
commercial banks and pension funds. It also explains why the
wealthy in developing countries send their savings overseas:
capital flight is becoming almost an intrinsic feature of the
world economy.
</p>
<p> Why should capital earn more in countries that are already
capital-rich? It might be thought that the same investment
could achieve much more where it could take advantage of an
abundant supply of workers. But what counts for production is
not labourers but labour power, and this depends on the "human
capital" embodied in the workforce--on their nutrition and
health and on their education and skill. In this sense, a
worker in Japan is very different from one in Ethiopia, Nepal
or Bolivia.
</p>
<p> Capital also earns more in industrial countries because of
economies of scale. For some industries, such as agriculture,
there may be diminishing returns to additional capital. But for
many others, such as microchip production, profit rates can
increase as further capital is invested.
</p>
<p> Today, a high proportion of growth comes not just from
increasing investment but from the technological change--and
from the introduction of new goods and services. Since
scientific knowledge is concentrated in the industrial
countries, this further increases profits and thus attracts yet
more capital.
</p>
<p> The implications for the developing countries are clear;
they must invest in human capital and in higher levels of
technology. If they do not, capital may move even faster from
poor countries to rich.
</p>
<p>Source: United Nations Development Programme
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>